Checklist voor roadtrips in Europa

Barcelona's low-emission zone covers everything inside the Rondes (B-10 / B-20), Mon–Fri 7:00–20:00. Old diesels and pre-2000 petrol cars are banned. Foreign plates with compliant emission classes still need to register at the city portal — without registration, the camera flags you regardless. Fines start at €100.

Brussels LEZ runs 24/7 across the entire city; foreign plates must register online before arrival. Diesel pre-Euro 4 and petrol pre-Euro 1 are banned outright. The fine for unregistered entry is €350. Antwerp and Ghent have their own LEZs with different sticker requirements.

Green sticker required, no exceptions. The zone runs 24/7. Old diesels (Euro 4 and below) are banned outright. Foreign plates can order the sticker online at umwelt-plakette.de — about €13 plus shipping. Allow 7–10 days. Without it you're looking at a €100 fine even for parked cars.

Officiële bron

The CAZ-D covers the central area inside the M32 / A4 inner ring, 24/7. Petrol cars need Euro 4+ (most from 2006), diesel needs Euro 6+ (most from 2015). Foreign plates aren't auto-billed — register and pay on the gov.uk service within 6 days of driving in, or £120 fine. Many central hotels sit inside the zone; check before you book parking.

Officiële bron

Germany's low-emission zones (Umweltzone) are simpler than the French system but stricter on entry. You need a colour-coded sticker physically on your windscreen before entering. The vast majority of zones today require a green sticker (Euro 4+ petrol, Euro 6+ diesel). Order via TÜV / DEKRA / certified workshops — about €6–13, ships in days. Driving without one costs €100 even if your car would qualify.

Officiële bron

Edinburgh's LEZ covers the city centre (within Queen Street Gardens / Lothian Road / the Meadows). Unlike London or Bristol it isn't a per-day charge — non-compliant cars are simply fined £60 (doubling on each subsequent breach, capped at £480). Petrol Euro 4+, diesel Euro 6+ are allowed. Most modern rentals are fine; older private vehicles park outside the zone and walk in.

Officiële bron

Spain's Zonas de Bajas Emisiones (ZBE) cover central Madrid (24/7), Barcelona inside the Rondes (weekdays 7:00–20:00), Sevilla, Valencia and a growing list. Foreign plates need to register at the city portal in advance — your Euro emission class determines whether you get in. Without registration, cameras log entry and the fine reaches your home address.

Paris, Lyon, Strasbourg, Marseille, Toulouse and a growing list of cities require a Crit'Air air-quality sticker visible on your windscreen — even for a single drive-through. It's €4.51 from the official site and ships by post (allow 2–6 weeks abroad). Without it, expect on-the-spot fines from €68. Your registration document tells the issuer your emission class.

Officiële bron

Green sticker required for the Innenstadt zone, which is bigger than most foreigners expect — it extends past the Anlagenring to the Mainz–Hanau line. Fines are €100 even for parked cars. Bavarian and Hessian rental cars come with the sticker; foreign-registered vehicles need to order one before arrival (about €13).

Hamburg doesn't run a citywide LEZ but has Germany's only **street-level** diesel ban: Max-Brauer-Allee (Euro 6 only) and Stresemannstrasse (trucks Euro 6+ only) since 2018. Cameras enforce both. Sat-nav usually routes around them automatically; check your route if you've set "shortest" mode.

Italian historic centres (Florence, Rome, Milan, Bologna, Pisa, Siena, Verona, Naples, Turin, Palermo and dozens more) are ringed by automatic Zona Traffico Limitato cameras. Driving in without a permit triggers €80–120 per crossing, and the fine reaches your home address up to a year later via cross-border collection. Treat any city centre as off-limits unless you've confirmed your hotel offers a permit, and ask the hotel to register your plate the day you arrive.

This city's old town is encircled by automatic ZTL cameras. Crossing without a permit triggers €80–120 per pass. Ask your hotel the day you arrive: "Can you register my plate for ZTL access?" Some only register the entry, not parking — clarify both. Cameras read plates from any country and Italian fines reach foreign addresses up to a year later.

Lisbon's Zona de Emissões Reduzidas covers the central historic axis (Avenida da Liberdade, Baixa, Chiado). Hours 07:00–21:00 weekdays. Pre-2000 petrol cars and pre-2005 diesels are banned 24/7. Foreign plates: register at the Câmara Municipal portal. Park at one of the EMEL underground garages and walk.

Stacks ON TOP of the ULEZ £12.50 — so a non-compliant car visiting central London on a Wednesday afternoon owes £27.50. Pay both before midnight the next day. Auto-pay registration is the safest option for a multi-day visit.

Officiële bron

The Ultra Low Emission Zone covers every London borough since August 2023. Foreign plates must pay via the TfL website by midnight the day after travel — no payment, £180 fine. A scrappage scheme covers UK residents only. Confirm your car's Euro class on the TfL "check your vehicle" tool before you commit to driving in.

Officiële bron

Lyon's low-emission zone is stricter than Paris in some respects: Crit'Air 4 vehicles are banned 24/7, and from 2026 Crit'Air 3 (most pre-2011 diesels) joins the year-round ban. Sticker required, even for transit. Foreign plates: order via the official Crit'Air site at least 6 weeks ahead.

Cameras read your plate but don't know your emission class. Without registration on Madrid's portal (madrid.es/zbe), the system flags you regardless of the car's actual rating, and the fine reaches your home address weeks later via cross-border collection. Register before you set off.

Madrid Central (now ZBEDEP) is one of the strictest emission zones in Europe. Within the 4.7 km² central perimeter (formerly Distrito Centro), vehicles registered before 2000 are banned outright; the rest need to match Spain's "Etiqueta Ambiental" rating. Operates 24/7. Fine is €200 per entry.

Area B covers ~72% of the city, Mon–Fri 7:30–19:30. Crucially it bans Euro 4 diesels outright (and Euro 5 from October 2025). If your car is older than 2014, check before you arrive. Penalty for unauthorised entry is €81–333 plus the camera fine.

Milan's small inner-ring (Cerchia dei Bastioni) charges €5 to enter Mon–Fri 7:30–19:30 (Thu until 18:00). Pay via the Atm app, parking meters or the official site within the same day. Foreign plates: register at the Comune di Milano portal first, otherwise the camera fine reaches you in 60–90 days.

Whole inner-city Mittlerer Ring zone needs the green sticker. From October 2025, older diesels (Euro 5) face additional restrictions. Order before the trip — Bavarian rental agencies don't always provide one with foreign-registered cars.

Paris's ZFE-m runs every weekday 8:00–20:00 inside the périphérique. Crit'Air 4+ diesels are banned during these hours, and from 2025 Crit'Air 3 joins them. Even compliant cars need the sticker physically displayed. Order from the official site (€4.51) at least 4 weeks before travel — non-French plates take longer.

Officiële bron

Prague has four parking zones. P1 (orange) is residents-only. P2 (blue) is residents + 30 min visitor stops. P3 (purple) is mixed-use — visitors can pay via the ParkSimply app at about CZK 60/hour (~€2.50). P4 free zones are far from the centre. Without ParkSimply, you cannot pay — and a tow costs CZK 2,000 + storage.

Rome's historic centre ZTL operates Mon–Fri 06:30–19:00, Sat 14:00–19:00, plus Fri/Sat night party hours. Cameras at every entrance, no booth. Hotels inside the ZTL register your plate for the duration of your stay — but only if you ask, the day you arrive, with the registration document. Trastevere and Testaccio have their own night ZTLs.

Sevilla's ZBE Casco Antiguo (since 2024) covers the medieval centre between the river and the Alcázar. Hours 07:00–22:00 every day. Combined with the existing one-way traffic system, GPS routes change daily — many old streets are pedestrianised this year that weren't last year. Park outside (Avenida de Roma, Plaza de Armas underground) and walk in.

Vienna extended its short-term parking zone (Kurzparkzone) to all 23 districts in 2022. Foreign plates pay via Handyparken app or paper "Parkschein" tickets at trafiks (newsagents). Daytime parking is €2.50/hour, max 2 hours per ticket — meaning practically you need a private parking garage for any stay over 2 hours. Garages average €4–6/hour or €25/day.

Amsterdam meters charge €7.50/hour in the centre, capped at €37.50/day in the most expensive zones. The P+R Amsterdam scheme at metro stations (Olympisch Stadion, Zeeburg, Sloterdijk) charges €1/day plus the metro round-trip — book before 10:00 to lock in the day rate. Worth the 20-minute metro hop.

Districts I–IX (the touristic core) charge HUF 600–725/hour (~€1.50–1.80). Pay at the (often cash-only) parking meters or via the Mobilfizetés app. Saturdays often free. Sundays free citywide. The fine for non-payment is HUF 8,800 (~€22) — affordable but check your ticket before walking off.

Inside arrondissements 1–4 plus parts of the 5th–7th, only residents, deliveries, taxis and people with a destination inside (hotel, parking, business) may drive. "Cutting through" the centre is now an offence. Park at a peripheral P+R (Bercy, Porte de Versailles) and Métro in for the day.

Switzerland is in Schengen but NOT in the EU customs union. Random customs stops happen at every border. Personal allowance: €300 in goods (CHF cash equivalent), 5L wine, 1L spirits. Above that you declare and pay duty. If you've loaded the boot with cured meat or cheese in Italy, declare it — confiscation is routine.

A common piece of post-Brexit confusion: EU and UK driving licences are still mutually recognised for short visits. You don't need an IDP for a holiday or business trip. You also no longer need a Green Card — the UK rejoined the unified motor-insurance system in 2021. Bring your registration document and insurance certificate.

Austrian motorways need a vignette — €10.10 for 10 days, €30.40 for 2 months, or €103.80 annual. The digital version (linked to your plate) is bought online at asfinag.at and activates from a chosen date — if you buy on the Austrian side of the border, it's only valid 18 days later under consumer-protection rules. Buy ahead.

Officiële bron

The vignette covers most motorways but NOT the major Alpine road tunnels. Mont Blanc tunnel (FR-IT) is roughly €54 one-way for a passenger car, Grand St Bernard about €33, San Bernardino is included in the vignette but Gotthard road tunnel is a vignette-only route in summer (the queue can be 2 hours; the rail-shuttle alternative through the Lötschberg is faster).

Switzerland sells one vignette: an annual sticker (or e-vignette) for CHF 40 / about €42. There's no 10-day option. Buy at any border post or online before you leave. The sticker must be physically affixed to the windscreen — keeping it loose in the glovebox earns the same CHF 200 fine as not having one.

Officiële bron

Czechia replaced paper vignettes in 2021. Buy on edalnice.cz with your plate, valid from the chosen date. 10-day is CZK 290 (~€12), annual CZK 2,300 (~€95). Police read plates electronically — no display required. The first 90 minutes after purchase, the system sometimes hasn't synced; keep your purchase confirmation accessible.

Officiële bron

Hungarian e-vignette costs depend on category — D1 covers most passenger cars (HUF 5,150 / ~€13 for 10 days). Buy on autopalya.hu or at any major fuel station. The system is plate-linked, no sticker. Critical detail: a roof box that pushes you over 2m height triggers category D2 — pay the higher rate or risk a fine.

This route crosses countries with mismatched toll mechanics — France's ticket-and-pay, vignette stickers, electronic-only stretches. There's no single transponder that works everywhere, but a Telepass EU device covers FR/IT/ES/PT and a Bip&Go covers the same plus a few more. For a one-off trip, contactless cards plus a Swiss vignette and Austrian e-vignette is the simplest mix.

Every Norwegian toll point is an overhead camera, no booths. Foreign plates: either pre-register on epass24.com (the central platform for visitors) or wait for the invoice to reach your home address — typically 3–6 months later, with no late fee for the first 30 days. AutoPASS-certified transponder rented before crossing skips the admin entirely.

Portugal has two toll systems. Most autoestradas use a normal ticket-and-pay barrier. But the A22 (Algarve), A23, A24, A25 and A28 are "ex-SCUT" routes with no booths — only overhead gantries that read your plate. Without a Via Verde transponder or pre-registration, you have 5 days to pay at a CTT post office, or the fine reaches your home address. Easiest fix: rent a Via Verde Visitors transponder (€6/week) at the airport or border.

Officiële bron

The Copenhagen–Malmö bridge charges roughly DKK 460 (~€62) per car each way at the booth. Pre-booking on oresundsbridge.com for a chosen date drops it to about €34. The alternative — Helsingør–Helsingborg ferry — is €60-ish and 20 minutes; book the same day. There's no third land route.

Eight Austrian routes charge separate tolls on top of the vignette: Brenner (A13, ~€11.50), Pyhrn (A9, ~€6.50), Tauern (A10, ~€14), Karawanken (A11, ~€8.50) and others. Pay at the booth — no vignette discount. If you're heading south to Italy via the A13, budget for it.

French autoroutes use a ticket system: take a card on entry, pay on exit. Every barrier accepts contactless tap-to-pay — pull into the "CB / bank card" lane (orange "t" logo means Liber-T transponder only, avoid those). For frequent EU travellers a Bip&Go transponder pays itself off in two trips by skipping the queue.

Italian autostrade work like France: ticket on entry, pay on exit. Contactless cards work at most modern lanes (look for "Carte" — avoid yellow "Telepass" lanes without the device). For long routes, a Telepass EU transponder works in IT/FR/ES/PT and pays for itself across two days; at minimum, keep your insurance card and registration in the door pocket — booth attendants occasionally ask.

Marseille has three tolled urban tunnels not covered by the autoroute network: Vieux-Port (~€3.50), Prado-Carénage (~€3), Prado-Sud (~€3). Each is paid at a barrier with contactless. They save 10–20 minutes vs surface streets, but tally up if you cross the city twice.

The AP-1, AP-7 (Bilbao stretch) and most of the Mediterranean coast highways are now toll-free. A handful remain: AP-9 (Galicia), AP-66 (León–Asturias), Catalonia's C-32/C-16 tunnel approach. Spain is no longer a high-toll country for cars — your fuel + a few specific bridge fees is the realistic budget.

A8 has two exits for Nice — the main one funnels everyone onto Promenade des Anglais (slow). For Vieux Nice / Port hotels, take the Nice Saint-Isidore exit (smaller, often empty) and use the A57 inland — saves 15–25 minutes in summer.

Dutch motorways are free for cars, but a few specific crossings charge. The Westerscheldetunnel near Vlissingen is €5–7. Kil Tunnel (A29) and Liefkenshoektunnel (Antwerp side) are similarly priced. Pay contactless on entry — there's no booth queue.

Germany requires a warning triangle, a first-aid kit (compliant with DIN 13164, with a "use by" date — €10 at any pharmacy), and a reflective vest in every passenger car. Roadside checks do happen at borders. The first-aid kit is the one foreign drivers most commonly miss.

A reflective vest must be reachable without leaving the vehicle (in the door pocket or under your seat — boot is too late). One warning triangle is also mandatory. The 2012 breathalyzer rule was scrapped in 2020 but is still nice to keep. No spare-bulb requirement.

Continental left-hand-drive headlight beams cut up-and-right — point them straight at oncoming British traffic at night. €15 stick-on deflectors in the right pattern fix this. Many newer cars have a software "tourist mode" in the headlight menu instead. Without one, you'll dazzle every car you pass after dark and risk an MOT-style stop.

Italian law requires you to wear a reflective vest before exiting the vehicle on a motorway shoulder, day or night. One warning triangle in the boot is also required. Both items are typically €15 at any Autogrill or fuel station — don't arrive without them.

Switching sides isn't the danger people imagine for the first hour — it's the moment you're tired in week 2 and pull into a quiet petrol station. Park, then think. Roundabouts go clockwise; entering one feels backwards. The first 30 minutes after the ferry/Eurotunnel are the highest-risk: take a coffee at a service area before joining the M20.

Prague tram drivers will not slow down for you, ever. The rule is unconditional: if you stop on tracks for any reason — light, queue, parking — you're liable for whatever happens. Treat tram lines as you would a railway. The fine for blocking is CZK 2,500 plus the tram driver's witness statement.

On unrestricted Autobahn sections (where you'll see no speed-limit-end signs), faster cars expect to use the left lane unobstructed. Drift into it without checking the mirror and a 911 closing at 250 km/h becomes your problem. Indicate, overtake, return right — every time. Slowing in the left lane to "make space" is more dangerous than predictable speed.

Active radar-detector apps (and the "police nearby" feature on Waze / Google Maps) are technically banned in Germany — fines hit €75. Most drivers leave them on without consequence, but if you're stopped for any reason, the officer can ask to see your phone. Switch the warning layer off when crossing into DE if you want to play it strict.

On urban streets without signs, traffic from your right has priority — even from a side street that looks subordinate. Outside cities the rule is mostly retired, but in residential French villages it survives. Slow at every right-hand junction unless a yellow diamond on your road tells you you're on the priority road.

The A7 Elbtunnel under the river is the only continuous north-south route through Hamburg. Weekday 17:00–19:00 it backs up to 30 minutes both directions; Sunday evening returning from coastal weekends adds the same. The Köhlbrandbrücke is a 12 km detour but flows reliably.

Marseille has the highest passenger-car break-in rate in mainland France. Use a paid underground car park (Vieux-Port, Centre Bourse, Stade Vélodrome are all monitored €3–5/hour) rather than free street parking. Even a phone charger lying on the seat is enough.

OSRM gives you free-flow drive time. Realistic add: 10% on motorway-heavy routes, 25% if you're crossing two cities. Eat at off-peak hours (11:30 lunch, 18:00 dinner) — service-area queues at noon kill 20 minutes. EU fatigue research is consistent: 15-minute break every 2 hours, full 45-minute break before 6 hours. The drive between hours 7 and 9 is where avoidable accidents cluster.

Nice's seafront is now 30 km/h on most sections, with average-speed cameras enforcing it across the whole 7 km strip. Take the speed limit seriously — and watch for motor scooters that lane-split aggressively, especially on the eastward inland axis (Boulevard Gambetta, Boulevard Jean Jaurès).

In the Netherlands, cyclists are treated as full traffic and often given priority you'd expect from a pedestrian crossing back home. Always check the bike lane before turning. At a roundabout in town, cyclists get the inside line and you yield. The rule that bites is unmarked junctions in residential streets — yield to the bike.

Paris dropped the périphérique speed limit to 50 km/h in October 2024. Fixed-camera enforcement is total. Don't drive it as a motorway — your sat-nav may still display 70.

Belgium signs towns in the local language: Mons becomes Bergen in Flanders, Liège becomes Luik, Brussels becomes Bruxelles/Brussel. SatNav usually handles both, but printed maps and exit signs can throw you. If you're looking for "Mons" on a Flemish-side motorway, you'll see "Bergen" on the gantry.

Budapest crossings between Buda and Pest pile up in late afternoon. Margaret Bridge (Margit híd) is the worst — single lane each way once you account for the tram-only middle section. Liberty Bridge (Szabadság híd) and the Lágymányosi/Rákóczi bridges flow better. Adjust your sat-nav arrival time to match.

During the major Messe trade fairs (Frankfurter Buchmesse mid-October, Automechanika September even years, IAA odd years), hotel rooms triple in price and central traffic gridlocks 17:00–19:00. If you can land outside Messe weeks, do.

Lisbon's Alfama, Bairro Alto, and Mouraria have hand-cut "calçada" cobblestones with gradients up to 22%. Manual cars: don't hill-start without the parking brake. Automatic cars: use Sport mode going down to engine-brake. Tram 28 will share your lane and has the right of way.

A6/A7 traffic through Lyon converges into the Tunnel de Fourvière — 1.8 km, two lanes each direction, no overtaking. Friday afternoon and Sunday evening it backs up onto the motorway by 30+ minutes. The "TEO" (Tronçon Est de l'Ouest) ring road skips it for €2.50 — worth taking if you're bypassing the city.

Vienna built out a Copenhagen-style bike network from 2020–2024. Most major streets now have a separated bike lane on the right. Right-turning cars must yield to a bike going straight in the bike lane — the rule that catches most foreigners. Look over your right shoulder before turning.

Italian fuel stations split between fai-da-te (self-service) and servito (attended). The same station typically offers both, with attended pumps charging a 10–15% premium. Off-hours, attended turns into self-service automatically. If a pump is out of paper or won't take your card, try the next station — Italian banking sometimes refuses foreign chip cards on first attempt.

If your route passes through or skims Luxembourg, fuel here. Lower excise duty pushes diesel and petrol prices €0.20–0.40/L below FR/DE/BE. Truck drivers detour for it — for a passenger car a 30-litre fill saves €10 easily. Look for stations near the borders (Bertrange, Wasserbillig, Foetz).

Spanish provincial fuel stations often close 22:00–07:00, especially in the south. Motorway services (Cepsa, Repsol on the autovía) run 24/7. If you're routing through an Andalusian backroad, fuel before sunset and don't bank on a small-town pump.

Major brand stations (Shell, Total, BP, Repsol, Cepsa, OMV, Eni, Esso) take Visa and Mastercard contactless without an issue. American Express and Diners are spotty south of the Alps. A €100 pre-authorisation hold is normal — it releases within 5 days. Carry €50 cash for the rare independent station.

Motorway service areas (aires) run 24/7 with a fuel-price premium of about €0.15/L. Off-motorway stations in towns under 20k people often close Sunday afternoons and overnight Mon–Sat. If you're fuelling on a Sunday route, plan around motorway stops — supermarket pumps (Carrefour, E.Leclerc) are your cheapest option but typically 9:00–12:30 / 14:30–19:00 on a Sunday, where open at all.

Outside motorways, expect 12:30–15:30 closures and most of Sunday off. Motorway service areas (autogrill) run 24/7. If you're cutting through a small town in the early afternoon, fuel before noon or push to the next motorway entrance.

Polish fuel prices are among the lowest in the EU. If you're crossing from Germany or the Baltics, fuel after the border. Major brands (Orlen, BP, Shell) accept all major contactless cards; some independent stations are cash-only — the queue is the giveaway.

Swiss francs are the only legal tender, but most petrol stations, motorway services and tourist hotels accept EUR — at a deliberately bad rate (you'll lose 5–10%). For a transit drive, use a contactless card and ignore EUR; for an overnight, withdraw a small amount of CHF for parking meters and small shops.

Pumps quote pence per litre (e.g., 145.9p). Multiply by 100 then divide by 100 to get £/L. Card payments at the pump are universal. Most stations are pay-after-fill — you fuel first, then walk inside. Contactless on a foreign card works almost everywhere; American Express is sometimes refused at smaller stations.

Free EU roaming stops at the Swiss border. Some operators include Switzerland in "Europe Zone 2" plans (typically €5–10/day surcharge); many silently bill data at €4–10/MB. Check your operator before crossing or set the phone to flight mode and use Wi-Fi at hotels — €100 surprise bills are common otherwise.

Your home EU SIM works at home rates across every EU member, plus Iceland, Liechtenstein and Norway. The "fair use" cap on data only applies if you're abroad more than four months. For a 2-week road trip, just use your phone normally — but switch off "data roaming" if you're leaving the EU into UK / CH for any segment.

Austria runs a "situational" rule: winter tyres or chains are mandatory whenever conditions are wintry between Nov 1 and Apr 15. Police interpret this generously — anything other than dry pavement triggers a €5,000 maximum fine, though typical fines are €35–60. M+S marking is the minimum acceptable; 3PMSF (mountain-snowflake) is preferred at altitude.

Italy enforces a "winter equipment" obligation Nov 15 – Apr 15 on most northern provincial roads and many Alpine motorways: either snow chains carried in the vehicle, or M+S-rated tyres mounted. M+S alone often does NOT satisfy local prefects in mountain departments — if you're crossing into the Dolomites, Aosta Valley, or Trentino, carry chains regardless.

Inland Spain pavement temperatures regularly hit 60°C in July–August; standard tyre pressures rise 0.3–0.5 bar above placard during a long drive. Check pressures cold and stay at the lower end of the recommended range. Air-conditioning compressor failures spike on long mountain ascents — cars under 5 years old are usually fine, older diesels less so.

During Holy Week (week before Easter), processions pass through the centre most afternoons and evenings. Streets close with no advance warning to navigation apps. Plan around it — book a hotel outside the cordon, or skip the city for that week.

Single number for police, ambulance, fire — works from any phone, any network, any country. On motorways, the orange SOS pillars every 2km connect direct to the regional traffic control centre and pinpoint your location. Use them over your phone if you can — it speeds the response.